Title Transfer Documents
Real Estate Deed Types Explained for Exam Students
The type of deed determines what the grantor is guaranteeing to the grantee. Here are the four main deed types and the six covenants that make a general warranty deed the gold standard.
What Is a Deed?
A deed is the legal document that transfers title (ownership) of real property from the grantor (seller) to the grantee (buyer). A deed must be in writing, identify the parties, contain a legal description, include words of conveyance, be signed by the grantor, and be delivered and accepted.
The type of deed determines the warranties (guarantees) the grantor makes about title. More warranties = more protection for the grantee.
The Four Deed Types
General Warranty Deed
The grantor warrants title against ALL claims — from both during and before the grantor's ownership. The most protective deed for buyers. Contains six covenants of title. Used in most residential sales.
Special Warranty Deed
The grantor warrants title only against claims arising during the grantor's own period of ownership. Does not warrant against defects from prior owners. Common in commercial transactions.
Quitclaim Deed
The grantor transfers whatever interest they have — with no warranties whatsoever. If the grantor has no title, the grantee gets nothing. Common for clearing title defects or transferring between family members.
Bargain and Sale Deed
Implies the grantor has title but makes no express warranties against encumbrances. Common in tax sales and foreclosure sales.
Deed FAQ for the Exam
What are the six covenants of a general warranty deed?
(1) Covenant of Seisin — grantor owns and has right to convey. (2) Covenant of Right to Convey — grantor has authority to sell. (3) Covenant Against Encumbrances — no undisclosed encumbrances. (4) Covenant of Quiet Enjoyment — no one will disturb grantee's possession. (5) Covenant of Warranty — grantor will defend title against future claims. (6) Covenant of Further Assurance — grantor will do whatever is needed to perfect title.
Does a deed have to be recorded to transfer title?
No. A deed transfers title upon delivery and acceptance by the grantee. Recording provides constructive notice, which protects the grantee against later transfers to third parties.
What is the difference between a deed and a title?
A deed is the physical document used to transfer ownership. Title is the legal concept of ownership — the right to possess and use property.